The case for fluoride-ion batteries

Summary Fluoride-ion batteries (FIBs) have recently emerged as a candidate for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage technologies. On paper, FIBs potential to match or even surpass lithium-metal chemistries in terms density, while further eliminating dependence on strained resources, such lithium and cobalt. Research into has accelerated since its inception 2011. In this perspective, we examine case fluoride-ion batteries, considering electrode electrolytes from literature beyond, outline pathways competitive technology. We present most promising, feasible conversion-type cathode anode materials capacity, potential, volume change, crystal structure, cost/abundance. The capabilities current future fluoride intercalation electrodes are also examined. Using subset these materials, conduct techno-economic analysis comparing density cost conversion intercalation-type with state-of-the-art lithium-ion high-energy-density lithium-metal-based chemistries. This investigation highlights commercial value conversion-type, liquid-cell FIB, densities high 588 Whkg?1 (1,393 WhL?1) costs low 20 US$ kWh?1 at stack level. perspective major obstacles hindering development FIBs, drawing relevant lessons literature. order practically advance viable technology, research must be focused safe liquid solid electrolyte interphase formation; mechanistic study theoretical modeling materials; stable non-active battery components reference electrodes. conclude by prescribing several critical fronts areas.